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Concepts

Ideas, terms, and mechanisms explained clearly.

Itten color wheel showing primary, secondary, and tertiary colors

Color theory

Color theory is the body of practical guidance and principles that explains how colors relate to one another, how they can be combined to create visual harmony or contrast, and how viewers perceive and respond to different color combinations. Artists and designers use it to make deliberate decisions about palette rather than choosing colors arbitrarily,

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Principles explaining how colors relate, combine and are perceived, tracing back to Newton and systematized by Johannes Itten.

Mechanized infantry soldiers conducting coordinated live fire training alongside Abrams tanks, illustrating combined arms coordination between infantry and armor

Combined Arms Warfare

Overview Combined arms warfare refers to the deliberate integration of different types of military forces and equipment on the battlefield so that their respective strengths offset each others weaknesses. Rather than committing infantry, tanks, artillery, or aircraft in isolation, commanders coordinate these elements so they act together toward a shared objective. Origins and development Although

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Combined arms warfare is the coordinated use of different military branches and weapon systems, such as infantry, armor, artillery, and air power, so that each compensates for the weaknesses of the others.

A US Navy admiral using a telephone in the task force command and control room aboard the aircraft carrier USS Saratoga during operations

Command and Control

Overview Command and control describes both the authority a military commander holds over assigned forces and the practical systems, procedures, and personnel used to exercise that authority. It covers how orders are issued, how information flows up and down a chain of command, and how decisions are made under the pressure and uncertainty of military

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Command and control refers to the exercise of authority and direction by a designated commander over assigned forces, including the systems, procedures, and personnel used to plan, direct, and coordinate military operations.

Commercial airliner operated by a scheduled airline

Commercial Aviation

What Commercial Aviation Covers Commercial aviation encompasses the airlines and operators that carry passengers and cargo for payment, including scheduled passenger service, dedicated cargo carriers, and charter operations. It is distinct from general aviation, which covers private, recreational, and non-revenue flying, and from military aviation, which serves defense purposes. Scheduled Versus Charter Service Scheduled airlines

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Commercial aviation is the sector of air transport that carries passengers and cargo for compensation using scheduled and chartered flights operated by airlines.

A political map of the United States

Common Core

Common Core, formally the Common Core State Standards Initiative, is a set of academic standards in mathematics and English language arts describing what K-12 students in the United States are expected to know at each grade level, intended to create more consistency across states that choose to adopt it. Development and release The standards were

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A set of K-12 academic standards in math and English language arts intended to create consistent expectations across adopting US states.

The Royal Courts of Justice in London

Common Law

Common law is a legal system built primarily from the accumulated decisions judges make in deciding individual court cases, rather than from a comprehensive legal code written in advance by a legislature. It forms the foundation of the legal systems in the United States, England and Wales, India, Canada outside Quebec, and many other countries

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A legal system built primarily from judicial precedent rather than comprehensive legislative codes, originating in medieval England.

A coalition of partner organizations meeting together

Community Coalition Building

Community coalition building is the process of bringing together multiple organizations and stakeholders, often spanning government agencies, nonprofits, businesses, and residents, around a shared community goal that no single organization could achieve alone. Coalitions commonly form around a specific, focused issue, such as reducing youth violence, improving access to healthcare, or addressing a local housing

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The process of bringing together multiple organizations and stakeholders around a shared community goal.

A community mental health center building

Community Mental Health Services

Community mental health services are mental health treatment and support programs delivered through local clinics and community-based programs, rather than large psychiatric institutions. This model grew substantially following the deinstitutionalization movement that began in the 1960s, which closed or downsized many large psychiatric hospitals in favor of community-based alternatives. Core Service Types Community mental health

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Mental health treatment and support delivered through community-based clinics and programs rather than large institutional settings.

Residents listen during a town hall meeting gathering community input after a disaster

Community Needs Assessment

A community needs assessment is a systematic process of identifying gaps between a communitys current conditions and its desired conditions, used to guide the planning of social service programs and funding decisions. Agencies and funders rely on these assessments to ensure that resources address documented needs rather than assumptions about what a community requires. Data

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A systematic process of identifying the gaps between a communitys current conditions and its desired conditions to guide program planning.

A community organizer at work

Community Organizing

Community organizing is a process of bringing people together within a community to identify shared concerns and build the collective power needed to address them. Unlike direct service provision, which delivers a specific service to people in need, organizing focuses on developing the capacity of community members themselves to advocate for change. Core Methods Organizers

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A process of bringing people in a community together to build collective power and address shared concerns.